\begin{table}[htbp]\centering
\scriptsize
\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\caption{Subgroup treatment effects on main outcomes - Backwardness hypothesis}
\begin{tabular}{l*{8}{g}}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}         & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}                                                          & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}                                                             & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)}                                                        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}   & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(7)}                                                       \\
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Citizen \\ monitoring\end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Perceived \\ citizen \\ pressure\end{tabular}}}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Utilization}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Treatment \\ quality\end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Patient \\ satisfaction\end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Health \\ outcomes\end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Child\\ mortality\end{tabular}}} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & 0.009 & -0.321* & 0.026                            & 0.038                                                                             & 0.100***                                                                              & 0.024                                                                          & -0.013                                                                          \\
& (0.044) & (0.189) & (0.036)                          & (0.041)                                                                           & (0.035)                                                                              & (0.045)                                                                         & (0.013)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*HC2}                                     & -0.006 & 0.325 & 0.003                            & 0.054                                                                             & -0.039                                                                              & -0.047                                                                          & 0.005                                                                          \\
& (0.059) & (0.243) & (0.046)                          & (0.055)                                                                           & (0.049)                                                                              & (0.059)                                                                         & (0.017)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{HC2}                                     & 0.081** & -0.321* & -0.005                            & -0.086**                                                                             & -0.041                                                                              & 0.042                                                                          & 0.003                                                                          \\
& (0.039) & (0.168) & (0.034)                          & (0.041)                                                                           & (0.037)                                                                              & (0.043)                                                                         & (0.013)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*HC2}                                    & 0.003 & 0.004 & 0.029                            & 0.093***                                                                             & 0.061*                                                                              & -0.024                                                                          & -0.008                                                                          \\
& (0.038) & (0.135) & (0.028)                          & (0.035)                                                                           & (0.033)                                                                              & (0.036)                                                                         & (0.011)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & -0.004  & -0.116  & 0.035                            & 0.050*                                                                             & 0.051*                                                                              & 0.049                                                                          & -0.018                                                                          \\
& (0.032) & (0.135) & (0.029)                          & (0.028)                                                                           & (0.028)                                                                              & (0.038)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*Low treatment quality}                                     & 0.017 & -0.045 & -0.017                            & 0.039                                                                             & 0.048                                                                              & -0.103*                                                                          & 0.018                                                                          \\
& (0.037) & (0.258) & (0.034)                          & (0.026)                                                                           & (0.038)                                                                              & (0.055)                                                                         & (0.017)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Low treatment quality}                                     & -0.046* & 0.045 & -0.006                            & -0.008                                                                             & -0.052*                                                                              & 0.070*                                                                          & -0.007                                                                          \\
& (0.024)  & (0.144)  & (0.023)                          & (0.020)                                                                           & (0.029)                                                                              & (0.040)                                                                         & (0.013)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*Low treatment quality}                                     & 0.013 & -0.161 & 0.018                            & 0.090***                                                                             & 0.100***                                                                              & -0.054                                                                          & -0.000                                                                          \\
& (0.035) & (0.198) & (0.026)                          & (0.030)                                                                           & (0.032)                                                                              & (0.038)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & -0.028 & 0.392* & -0.034                            & 0.053                                                                             & 0.128*                                                                              & 0.101                                                                          & -0.007                                                                          \\
& (0.074) & (0.202) & (0.059)                          & (0.067)                                                                           & (0.074)                                                                              & (0.075)                                                                         & (0.021)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*High U5MR (median)}                  & 0.040 & -0.612**                   & 0.073                            & 0.023                                                                             & -0.059                                                                              & -0.127                                                                          & -0.007                                                                          \\
& (0.081) & (0.246) & (0.064)                          & (0.073)                                                                           & (0.078)                                                                              & (0.080)                                                                         & (0.023)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{High U5MR (median)}                         & -0.017 & 0.247            & -0.009                            & 0.119*                                                                             & 0.069                                                                              & -0.026                                                                          & -0.038**                                                                          \\
& (0.079) & (0.230) & (0.051)                          & (0.064)                                                                           & (0.078)                                                                              & (0.081)                                                                         & (0.018)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*High U5MR (median)}            & 0.013 & -0.219*                         & 0.039*                            & 0.076***                                                                             & 0.069***                                                                              & -0.026                                                                          & -0.014                                                                          \\
& (0.031)  & (0.121)  & (0.023)                          & (0.028)                                                                           & (0.026)                                                                              & (0.029)                                                                         & (0.009)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & -0.044  & -0.066  & 0.022                            & 0.096***                                                                             & 0.063*                                                                              & 0.003                                                                          & -0.006                                                                          \\
& (0.034)  & (0.149)  & (0.028)                          & (0.032)                                                                           & (0.033)                                                                              & (0.035)                                                                         & (0.011)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*High U5MR (w/i 1 SD of P2P)}      & 0.140** & -0.183                               & 0.018                            & -0.076                                                                             & 0.036                                                                              & -0.016                                                                          & -0.014                                                                          \\
& (0.063) & (0.244) & (0.046)                          & (0.054)                                                                           & (0.053)                                                                              & (0.058)                                                                         & (0.016)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{High U5MR (w/i 1 SD of P2P)}                                     & -0.075* & 0.174 & -0.017                            & 0.046                                                                             & -0.021                                                                              & -0.021                                                                          & -0.013                                                                          \\
& (0.044) & (0.155) & (0.035)                          & (0.042)                                                                           & (0.041)                                                                              & (0.044)                                                                         & (0.015)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*High U5MR (w/i 1 SD of P2P)} & 0.096* & -0.249                                    & 0.039                            & 0.021                                                                             & 0.099**                                                                              & -0.014                                                                          & -0.020*                                                                          \\
& (0.052) & (0.172) & (0.036)                          & (0.044)                                                                           & (0.040)                                                                              & (0.045)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & 0.019 & -0.056 & 0.011                            & 0.044                                                                             & 0.109***                                                                              & 0.008                                                                          & -0.015                                                                          \\
& (0.041) & (0.167) & (0.029)                          & (0.037)                                                                           & (0.036)                                                                              & (0.037)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*Few alternative options}                                 & -0.020 & -0.147    & 0.048                            & 0.052                                                                             & -0.069                                                                              & -0.044                                                                          & 0.012                                                                          \\
& (0.062) & (0.233) & (0.045)                          & (0.053)                                                                           & (0.051)                                                                              & (0.058)                                                                         & (0.017)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Few alternative options}                                     & -0.016  & 0.055  & -0.090***                            & -0.027                                                                             & 0.039                                                                              & 0.094**                                                                          & -0.015                                                                          \\
& (0.041) & (0.150) & (0.032)                          & (0.042)                                                                           & (0.038)                                                                              & (0.043)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*Few alternative options}                                     & -0.000 & -0.204 & 0.059*                            & 0.096**                                                                             & 0.040                                                                              & -0.035                                                                          & -0.003                                                                          \\
& (0.044)  & (0.149)  & (0.033)                          & (0.038)                                                                           & (0.035)                                                                              & (0.042)                                                                         & (0.012)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & 0.020 & -0.322 & 0.109**                            & -0.030                                                                             & 0.066                                                                              & -0.009                                                                          & 0.001                                                                          \\
& (0.054)  & (0.297)  & (0.042)                          & (0.053)                                                                           & (0.051)                                                                              & (0.065)                                                                         & (0.018)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*Rural}                                     & -0.008 & 0.272 & -0.099**                            & 0.138**                                                                             & 0.007                                                                              & 0.002                                                                          & -0.013                                                                          \\
& (0.067)  & (0.333)  & (0.050)                          & (0.061)                                                                           & (0.059)                                                                              & (0.075)                                                                         & (0.021)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Rural}                                     & 0.089** & -0.060 & 0.149***                            & -0.039                                                                             & -0.055                                                                              & -0.053                                                                          & 0.023                                                                          \\
& (0.040) & (0.248) & (0.036)                          & (0.051)                                                                           & (0.047)                                                                              & (0.055)                                                                         & (0.017)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*Rural}                         & 0.012 & -0.050            & 0.010                            & 0.108***                                                                             & 0.073**                                                                              & -0.008                                                                          & -0.012                                                                          \\
& (0.035) & (0.115) & (0.025)                          & (0.030)                                                                           & (0.029)                                                                              & (0.031)                                                                         & (0.009)                                                                         \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat}                                     & 0.043 & 0.047 & 0.048                            & 0.024                                                                             & 0.112***                                                                              & -0.043                                                                          & -0.015                                                                          \\
& (0.041) & (0.149) & (0.034)                          & (0.042)                                                                           & (0.038)                                                                              & (0.091)                                                                         & (0.013)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat*No health NGO present}                                     & -0.068 & -0.315 & -0.035                            & 0.073                                                                             & -0.064                                                                              & 0.035                                                                          & 0.007                                                                          \\
& (0.062) & (0.231) & (0.049)                          & (0.057)                                                                           & (0.053)                                                                              & (0.093)                                                                         & (0.017)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{No health NGO present}                                     & -0.006 & 0.158 & 0.024                            & -0.083*                                                                             & 0.033                                                                              & -0.074                                                                          & -0.014                                                                          \\
& (0.043) & (0.143)   & (0.034)                          & (0.045)                                                                           & (0.041)                                                                              & (0.066)                                                                         & (0.013)                                                                         \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Treat+Treat*No health NGO present}                                     & -0.026 & -0.268 & 0.013                            & 0.098***                                                                             & 0.048                                                                              & -0.007                                                                          & -0.008                                                                          \\
& (0.042) & (0.162) & (0.032)                          & (0.036)                                                                           & (0.035)                                                                              & (0.043)                                                                         & (0.010)                                                                         \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
